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TUTORIALS CAPACITY FADE COMSOL 5.3 FULL

Typical sources of noise are brush motors, fluorescent and halogen lamps, switching power supplies and dimmer switches. Noise in Power lines is a significant problem for data transmission. Hence the channel might be described as random and time varying with a frequency dependent signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over the transmission bandwidth.įigure 2: Power Line Channel Characteristics It has been observed that at higher frequencies the channel attenuation increases. Each multi-path would have a certain weight factor attributed to it to account for the reflection and transmission losses. Reflection of signal often occurs due to the various impedance mismatches in the electric network. This echoing occurs because a number of propagation paths exist between the transmitter and the receiver. As a result, additional echoes must be considered. Just like a wireless channel, signal propagation does not take place between transmitter and receiver along a line-of-sight path. Home devices often act as noise sources, affecting the signal to noise ration of receivers. Moreover, the channel transfer function itself is time varying since lugging in or switching off devices connected to the network would change the network topology. Over such a complicated line network, the amplitude and phase response may vary very widely with frequency. Varying impedance, considerable noise and high levels of frequency dependent attenuation are the main issues. The power line carrier was not specifically designed for data transmission and provides a harsh environment for it. Multiple Wi-Fi channels with simultaneous analog television in the 2.4 and 5.3 GHz unlicensed bands have been demonstrated operating over a single medium voltage line conductor.

TUTORIALS CAPACITY FADE COMSOL 5.3 FULL

Ultra High Frequency PLC (> 100 MHz): These systems claim symmetric and full duplex communication in excess of 1 Gbit/s in each direction.This allows devices to share data without the inconvenience of running dedicated network cables. Powerline adapter sets plug into power outlets and establish an Ethernet connection using the existing electrical wiring in the home.

High Frequency PLC (> 1 MHz): Power line communications can also be used in a home to interconnect home computers and peripherals, and home entertainment devices that have an Ethernet port.

One natural application of narrow band power-line communication is the control and telemetry of electrical equipment such as meters, switches, heaters and domestic appliances.

Medium Frequency PLC (> 100 kHz): Narrowband power-line communications began soon after electrical power supply became widespread.

Low Frequency PLC: Mainly used for telecommunication, tele-protection and tele-monitoring between electrical substations through power lines at high voltages, such as 110 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV.

Applications of Power Line Communication Types of PLC.

Thus it was determined that signaling and exchanging information for power system protection and telemetering purposes over existing power lines was the optimal solution. Moreover, many remote locations were not hooked up to telephone networks. Hence protection signals could be reliably sent using this signaling network. The logic included the fact that power transmission towers are some of the most robust structures ever built. Power Line Communication was the best way for fast exchange of information between power plants, substations and distribution centers. Initially the first data transmissions over power lines were done only to protect sections of the power distribution system in case of faults. Power lines were originally devised to transmit electric power in the frequency range of 50-60 Hz.

It is also known as power-line carrier, power-line digital subscriber line (PDSL), mains communication, power-line telecommunications, or power-line networking (PLN). Power Line Communication (PLC) carries data on a conductor that is also used simultaneously for AC electric power transmission or electric power distribution to consumers.